The Cathode Ray Tube site
electronic glassware
History and Physics Instruments
electronic glassware
History and Physics Instruments
Crookes tubes
Radiant matter
Radiant matter
The fourth page.
HOME
The Crookes Y tube (Crookes nr 6)
Demonstrates that the electrons go in a straight
line and won't go through the bent following the
negative pole.
Demonstrates that the electrons go in a straight
line and won't go through the bent following the
negative pole.
Crookes dark space tube
made by Pressler
made by Pressler
activated dark space tube
The Crookes dark space tube (Crookes nr 1)
Shows the dark space on the left and right side of the
round metal plate in the middle of the tube. In this case
the metal plate must be negative and the two side
electrodes must be connected to the positive side of the
source. The size of the dark space depends on the
amount of pressure (vacuum).
Shows the dark space on the left and right side of the
round metal plate in the middle of the tube. In this case
the metal plate must be negative and the two side
electrodes must be connected to the positive side of the
source. The size of the dark space depends on the
amount of pressure (vacuum).
An early made Crookes dark space tube made before 1900 with blue glass seals.
Two very early Crookes tubes.
With envelope diameters of about 6 centimeters, one with metal electrodes, the other with pyramidal shaped carbon electrodes. The tube with the small ball electrodes is a tube with an absolute vacuum, there is no glow or spark in the tube even with very hight tensions, that even after all those years! Darkening on the glass suggests restoring the vacuum due to heat in the past.
The other tube has some gas molecules which will give a discharge when activated, the odd electrodes are still a mystery.
With envelope diameters of about 6 centimeters, one with metal electrodes, the other with pyramidal shaped carbon electrodes. The tube with the small ball electrodes is a tube with an absolute vacuum, there is no glow or spark in the tube even with very hight tensions, that even after all those years! Darkening on the glass suggests restoring the vacuum due to heat in the past.
The other tube has some gas molecules which will give a discharge when activated, the odd electrodes are still a mystery.
Activated tube
The "gassy tube" has strange electrodes.
Crookes heating effect tube
mid 20th century made by NEVA
The Neva company was founded in 1946 in Geislingen Germany.
mid 20th century made by NEVA
The Neva company was founded in 1946 in Geislingen Germany.
The vacuum regulator
When shortly heated by a flame, gas is released to restore the vacuum of a hardened tube.
When shortly heated by a flame, gas is released to restore the vacuum of a hardened tube.
Platinum foil
if the tube is activated the foil gets white hot, generating a lot of X-rays.
if the tube is activated the foil gets white hot, generating a lot of X-rays.
The Crookes heating effect tube (Crookes nr 21)
Shows the effect of a stream of electrons creating
heat when they hit a platinum foil. The small
regulator tube mounted on the stem which contains
small charcoal samples can regulate the vacuum
pressure inside the tube when heated by a flame.
The charcoal released gasses needed when the
tube gets "hardened" due to the use over time.
These tubes can generate serious amounts of
X-rays.
Shows the effect of a stream of electrons creating
heat when they hit a platinum foil. The small
regulator tube mounted on the stem which contains
small charcoal samples can regulate the vacuum
pressure inside the tube when heated by a flame.
The charcoal released gasses needed when the
tube gets "hardened" due to the use over time.
These tubes can generate serious amounts of
X-rays.
Early Crookes uranium glass discharge tube .
Length 15cm
Length 15cm
Tube under UV, in working order it must looked like this.
Crookes discharge tube (Crookes nr 2) which was sold
by three or five the same models but with different sorts of glass
like Didym, uranium or lead glass which fluorescence
different colors, like: green, blue-white, blue, red and yellow.
by three or five the same models but with different sorts of glass
like Didym, uranium or lead glass which fluorescence
different colors, like: green, blue-white, blue, red and yellow.
Activated railwaytube
The Railway tube (Crookes nr 11)
Demonstrates kinetic energy.
The electrons bounced at the paddles covered
with a small amount of phosphor will turn
the paddlewheel and move from one to the other
side of the tube. In fact it is the heat which is
present when the electrons strike the vanes that
turns the peddle wheel similar as the Radiometer.
Several scientists like Maxwell and Puluj stated
this although Crookes was convinced of the
electron force theory. Eventually it was Thomson
who proved that the electron force in the tube
necessary to move the wheel was insufficient.
Demonstrates kinetic energy.
The electrons bounced at the paddles covered
with a small amount of phosphor will turn
the paddlewheel and move from one to the other
side of the tube. In fact it is the heat which is
present when the electrons strike the vanes that
turns the peddle wheel similar as the Radiometer.
Several scientists like Maxwell and Puluj stated
this although Crookes was convinced of the
electron force theory. Eventually it was Thomson
who proved that the electron force in the tube
necessary to move the wheel was insufficient.
Crookes railway tube
made by Leybold's Nachfolger
made by Leybold's Nachfolger
PREV
Here a drawing from the Deschanel 1869 Physics book describing the absolute vacuum tube as a perfect isolator.
Notice the similar electrodes.
Notice the similar electrodes.
Early Crookes Y tube
made last quarter of the 19th century
made last quarter of the 19th century
The Crookes mill tube (Crookes no 17)
This tube has several names, in German wasserrad
röhre or mühl röhre which means water mill tube or
mill tube, in English sometimes paddle wheel or mill
tube. The wheel will turn clock or counterclockwise
depending on the magnet poles which deflects the
electron beam to the vanes.
This tube is made before 1899 by the French maker
Radiguet in Paris as stated on the label.
When Massiot joined the firm in 1899 it became
known as Radiguet & Massiot. The store was located
on Rue des Filles du Calvaire in the center of Paris.
This tube has several names, in German wasserrad
röhre or mühl röhre which means water mill tube or
mill tube, in English sometimes paddle wheel or mill
tube. The wheel will turn clock or counterclockwise
depending on the magnet poles which deflects the
electron beam to the vanes.
This tube is made before 1899 by the French maker
Radiguet in Paris as stated on the label.
When Massiot joined the firm in 1899 it became
known as Radiguet & Massiot. The store was located
on Rue des Filles du Calvaire in the center of Paris.
The storefront of Radiguet in Paris.
Crookes Y tube.
made by Müller Uri early 20th century.
made by Müller Uri early 20th century.
Activated arms of the tube.
Crookes mill tube
made by Radiguet end of the 19th century
made by Radiguet end of the 19th century
|
|
Early 1900 Crookes no21
heating effect tube
heating effect tube
Close-up of the platinum foil
Early Crookes no21 heating effect tube
first quarter 20th century
first quarter 20th century
Activated tube
